Romans 1:3 refutes the "outer space Jesus" claim — Paul explicitly places Jesus as a historical descendant of David born in the flesh

Paul writes in Romans 1:3: "concerning his Son, who was born of a descendant of David according to the flesh" (NASB). This places Jesus clearly as a historical figure with a human genealogical line. Paul also mentions Jesus being crucified by "the rulers of our world" — earthly rulers, not cosmic ones.