The Watchtower condemned vaccinations as Satanic and a violation of God's covenant with Noah (1921, 1931), then reversed position in 1952 citing legal liability.

Golden Age, October 12, 1921, p. 17: 'Vaccination never prevented anything and never will and is the most barbarous practice… use your rights as American citizens to forever abolish the devilish practice of vaccinations.' Golden Age, February 4, 1931, p. 293: 'Vaccination is a direct violation of the everlasting covenant that God made with Noah after the flood.' Watchtower, December 15, 1952, p. 764: 'The matter of vaccination is one for the individual to face and decide for himself and our society cannot afford to be drawn into [this] affair legally.' Mike notes that the reversal came when lawsuits made the ban financially risky — not from spiritual conviction.