The 'never be rebuilt' clause: Phoenician Tyre was permanently destroyed. What replaced it was a Greek city under Alexander — a new foundation, new population, new identity — not a restoration.

Modern Tyre (Sour, Lebanon) exists today with 30,000+ inhabitants. But Winger draws on multiple historians to argue that the Phoenician city of Tyre — Tyre as a Phoenician entity — was destroyed permanently and never restored. Alexander intentionally: deported or killed the Phoenician population, brought in Greek and Carian colonists, redesigned the city plan, and styled himself founder of a new city. Sources cited: Edward Creasy ('15 Decisive Battles of the World') — Alexander 'took care that she never should revive'; Encyclopedia Britannica — 'with this memorable siege terminated the glory of Phoenician Tyre'; Thomas Somers — 'the former city had been destroyed; it might be sought but none could find it.' The definition of 'rebuilt' is restoration to a prior state. What Alexander created was a replacement, not a restoration. Winger uses the analogy: if China invaded the US, destroyed Washington DC, built a new city on the site with entirely Chinese architecture and identity — that would not be a 'rebuilt Washington.'