Eight sources within the first and second centuries referencing Paul's martyrdom, per Sean McDowell; Polycarp references Paul's sufferings and those of all the Apostles

According to Sean McDowell, eight sources within the first and second centuries reference Paul being killed for his proclamation of Christ. Polycarp (writing c. 110 AD) mentions the sufferings of Paul and "the rest of the Apostles" — implying all the apostles suffered, consistent with the broader pattern. Ignatius also mentions Paul's martyrdom.