Cosmic fine-tuning — constants and fundamental properties of the universe

Multiple fundamental constants appear fine-tuned for life to exist anywhere in the universe at any time. Key examples: (1) The cosmological constant (rate of universal expansion) is fine-tuned to 1 part in 10^120 — even slight variation would prevent formation of stars, planets, or galaxies; (2) the gravitational constant; (3) the strong nuclear force; (4) Roger Penrose (Oxford physicist/mathematician, not a Christian) calculated the initial low-entropy conditions of the universe are fine-tuned to 1 part in 10^(10^123) — a denominator requiring more zeros than the number of subatomic particles in the observable universe (10^80). The vast majority of possible configurations of matter would produce black holes rather than life-permitting universes. This fine-tuning is widely accepted in physics — not controversial — and involves many independent parameters, making it a cumulative case.