Modern (rabbinic) Judaism differs fundamentally from biblical Judaism; good works now replace the sacrificial system.

Mike distinguishes two frames: (1) from a Christian perspective, Jews are saved through Jesus the Messiah whose sacrifice fulfills and supersedes the Levitical system (argument of Hebrews); (2) in terms of what modern Jews themselves believe, the destruction of the Temple in 70 AD created a crisis resolved by rabbinic Judaism. Modern observant Jews (including around Yom Kippur) substitute good deeds for the sacrificial atonement. Mike reads Romans 10:1-4 as a direct commentary: Israel has zeal for God but not according to knowledge; they seek to establish their own righteousness rather than submitting to God's righteousness, which is Christ.