Search — Theology Explorer

Hebrew Roots Movement Law of Moses Old Testament application

Main conclusion: the phrase "under the law" refutes Torah observance as a Christian obligation

Winger's summary conclusion for the episode

hermeneutics Law of Moses Old Testament application

How do the Ten Commandments relate to Christians? Against the moral/civil/ceremonial law division

Q&A: Susan and Ron's question about the Ten Commandments today

Ephesians 5 Ephesians 5 Old Testament application Ten Commandments

Paul uses OT law as wisdom: Ephesians 5 cites the fifth commandment; the principle rather than the code

Q&A: how NT epistles apply OT law

Deuteronomy 25:4 1 Corinthians 9 Deuteronomy 25:4 1 Corinthians 9 law as wisdom

Paul applies Deuteronomy's ox-muzzling law as a principle for supporting ministers — typological/principled use of OT law

Q&A: example of principled OT law application

atonement intent of atonement extent of atonement

Three aspects of the atonement framework: intent, extent, and application

Winger introduces a three-part analytical framework for the atonement, crediting Dr. David Allen for helping him prepare.

limited atonement TULIP extent of atonement

Comparison chart: limited atonement vs. universal atonement vs. universalism on extent and application

Winger presents a visual chart distinguishing three views based on extent and application of the atonement.

2 Corinthians 5:14-15 2 Corinthians 5:14-15 extent of atonement application of atonement

Winger's interpretation of 2 Cor 5:14: 'all' means all humanity in both occurrences — extent universal, application not

Winger presents his positive interpretation of the passage, arguing both uses of 'all' refer to all humanity.

2 Corinthians 5:18-21 reconciliation extent of atonement application of atonement

2 Corinthians 5:18-21 confirms extent/application distinction within the same passage

Winger looks at the broader context of 2 Corinthians 5 to show that the same passage itself provides the extent-vs-application distinction.

2 Corinthians 5:19 reconciliation extent of atonement 2 Corinthians 5:19

'The world' in 2 Corinthians 5:19 does not mean the elect — it means the ungodly world

Winger argues that 'world' in v.19 refers to sinners in rebellion, not to a special subset like the elect.

2 Corinthians 5:18-20 evangelism limited atonement 2 Corinthians 5:18-20

Paul's application of the theology confirms the universal-extent, limited-application reading: the missions mandate

How Paul applies his theology tells us what his real theology is; his application is the missions mandate.

2 Corinthians 5:21 imputation 2 Corinthians 5:21 extent of atonement

2 Corinthians 5:21 — 'he made him to be sin' reinforces universal atonement

Winger reads verse 21 as a statement about the totality of Christ's sacrifice, consistent with universal extent.

Colossians 1:20 Colossians 1:16-17 Colossians 1:21-23 reconciliation extent of atonement application of atonement

Colossians 1:20 — 'all things' reconciled through the blood of the cross supports universal extent

Winger turns to Colossians 1:20 as a secondary passage confirming the universal extent of the atonement.

Romans 5:18-19 Romans 5:17 Adam justification universal atonement

Romans 5:18-19 — 'one act of righteousness leads to justification for all men' — universal extent, not universalism

Winger examines Romans 5:18-19 as another text supporting universal atonement but not universalism.

Romans 5:17 Romans 10:13 faith free will application of atonement

'Those who receive' in Romans 5:17 conditions justification on reception; Romans 10:13 confirms call-response salvation

Winger highlights the word 'receive' in Romans 5:17 as the hinge that prevents universal atonement from collapsing into universalism.

John 1:29 John 1:12 extent of atonement kosmos John 1:29

John 1:29 — 'Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world' paired with John 1:12 — universal extent, individual application

Winger cites John 1:29 as a clear statement of universal extent alongside John 1:12 for limited application.

1 Timothy 4:10 extent of atonement application of atonement 1 Timothy 4:10

1 Timothy 4:10 — 'savior of all people, especially those who believe' — extent/application distinction in a single verse

Winger cites 1 Timothy 4:10 as a single verse that encodes the extent/application distinction.

2 Peter 2:1 false prophets limited atonement extent of atonement

2 Peter 2:1 — Christ bought even false prophets who deny him and face destruction, proving atonement extends beyond the elect

Winger uses 2 Peter 2:1 to demonstrate that Christ purchased those who are clearly not saved, refuting limited atonement.

Calvinism limited atonement TULIP

Summary: multiple scriptures confirm universal extent, non-universal application; rejecting limited atonement does not require leaving Calvinism

Winger wraps up his scriptural case and notes that rejecting limited atonement does not require rejecting Calvinism wholesale.

Mike Winger idea 2019-06-13

The OT law is not a blueprint for running governments or establishing theocracies

Correct application of OT law to civic life

theocracy kingdom of God Steven Anderson

Mike Winger idea 2019-07-03

Christian response to suffering: trust God's sovereign goodness despite not knowing the outcome

Pastoral application regarding suffering and theodicy

theodicy suffering faith

1 Timothy 4:10 1 Timothy 4:10 unlimited atonement extent vs. application

1 Timothy 4:10 — God is the savior of all people, especially those who believe

Mike cites 1 Tim 4:10 as another clear text against limited atonement.

Trinity faith unlimited atonement

Response to Trinitarian harmony #2: the Father can have complexity in his desires — saving all who believe

Mike offers a positive alternative to the Calvinist Trinitarian harmony construct.

faith unlimited atonement extent vs. application

Extent vs. application: atonement intended for all, applied to those who believe

Mike's synthesis of the Father's intent in the atonement.

John 3:16 unlimited atonement failure of the Son extent vs. application

Objection 2 answered: Jesus did not fail — his goal was to die for all so that whoever believes is saved

Mike rebuts the "failure of the Son" argument.

James White Hebrews 7:25 James White unlimited atonement intercession

Objection 3 answered: intercession is available to all who draw near, not limited to a fixed elect group

Mike addresses the intercession objection using Hebrews 7:25.

Ephesians 2:1-3 election limited atonement intercession

Ephesians 2 refutes the intercession argument: the elect were still under wrath after the cross, before believing

Mike uses Ephesians 2 as a direct rebuttal to the Calvinist intercession/atonement link.

Ephesians 2:8-9 Ephesians 2:11-13 Ephesians 2:8-9 faith atonement

Ephesians 2:11-13 reinforces: benefits of Christ's blood applied at the moment of belief, not at the cross

Further use of Ephesians 2 to argue for the extent/application distinction.

John Owen faith universalism unlimited atonement

John Owen's trilemma answered: extent and application are distinct; the trilemma conflates them

Mike's direct rebuttal to John Owen's trilemma / false dilemma.

Ephesians 2:1-3 faith limited atonement trilemma

Owen's trilemma implies the elect were forgiven before they believed — which Ephesians 2 contradicts

Secondary refutation of the trilemma from Ephesians 2.

faith imputation unlimited atonement

Christ's work is not applied until belief; payment and application are two distinct moments

Positive resolution to the double payment problem.

atonement Calvinism unlimited atonement

Application of atonement through faith is not a "secondary act of atonement"

Mike responds to the Calvinist rhetorical slogan that non-Calvinism requires a second atonement act.

Mike Winger idea 2019-08-07

God's wrath is meant to drive people to Jesus

Mike provides a brief summary application before moving to the consequences of denying wrath.

repentance salvation God's wrath

Mike Winger idea 2019-07-31

Even granting that baptism parallels circumcision as a covenant sign, differences undermine the infant baptism inference

Winger grants the circumcision-as-covenant-sign parallel arguendo and then examines whether it actually supports infant baptism.

typology baptism covenant

Mike Winger idea 2019-07-31

Circumcision and baptism share similarity as outward covenant signs but this similarity does not license importing infant practice

Summary of the circumcision argument section.

typology baptism covenant

Mike Winger idea 2020-01-29

The witness of the Holy Spirit is the primary means by which Christians know Christianity is true

Application of the knowing/showing framework to Christian epistemology

Romans 8 Romans 8 assurance of salvation epistemology

Mike Winger idea 2020-01-29

Christians who struggle to sense the Spirit's witness still have access to evidence as a support, and doubt often traces to sin

Pastoral application for doubting Christians

Romans 1 1 Thessalonians 5:19 Romans 1 sin witness of the Holy Spirit

Mike Winger idea 2020-01-29

Closing exhortation: trust the Spirit's witness for your own confidence; use evidence to invite others to seek the Lord

Summary and call to application, including a direct appeal to non-believing viewers

evangelism apologetics knowing vs. showing

Mike Winger idea 2020-08-28

Jeremiah 29:11 is often misapplied as a personal prosperity promise; properly applied, it points to eternal hope in the New Covenant

Question from Brandi about whether verses like Jeremiah 29:11, written to Israel, apply to Christians today.

Jeremiah 29:11 hermeneutics prosperity gospel Israel

Mike Winger idea 2020-09-04

Culture's gospel of external beauty is antithetical to the Christian emphasis on inner godly character

Application of the 1 Tim 2:9 principle to contemporary women's ministry and culture.

1 Timothy 2:9 cultural critique women's ministry 1 Timothy 2:9

Mike Winger idea 2020-09-11

Distinction between temptation and lust/sin: sin begins when the will yields to desire, not at first awareness of attraction

Response to Hot Wax 93 asking the difference between simple sexual attraction and lust.

James 1:13-15 Matthew 5:28 temptation sin sexual sin

Mike Winger idea 2020-09-11

God judged Eli both as a father and as high priest for failing to restrain his wicked sons

Response to Jackie Zaras asking whether God was angry with Eli as a father or as a priest for not restraining his sons.

1 Samuel Eli 1 Samuel priestly accountability

Mike Winger idea 2020-09-18

How to overcome long-held bitterness — pray for the person consistently; blessing them changes your own heart

Final question from Lillian McDonald about stopping bitterness held for years.

Matthew 5:44 Luke 6:28 prayer sanctification forgiveness

1 Corinthians 12 Bethel Church Brian Simmons Bill Johnson

Critique of Bethel/Bill Johnson teaching that everyone works miracles and is a prophet

Application of the 1 Corinthians 12 argument against charismatic excess

spiritual gifts vocation body of Christ

Discovering gifts requires doing everything first and then observing where you excel

Practical application of gift discernment

Proverbs 18:21 soteriology Proverbs 18:21 tongue and speech

Confessing Christ is the ultimate expression of life and death in the power of the tongue

Theological application of Proverbs 18:21

1 John 4:17-18 atonement assurance of salvation fear of judgment

1 John 4:17-18 — perfect love casts out fear; God's love applied to judgment produces confidence

Continuing the 1 John 4 reading and application