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All (2187) Scripture Commentary (417) Theology (70) Mike Winger (1698) Pulpit (2)
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Complementarian views on women apostles

Mike summarizes the complementarian positions on the question.

complementarianism elder qualifications missionaries vs apostles
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Apostle must mean highest leadership for egalitarian argument to work

Mike emphasizes a key logical requirement of the egalitarian argument.

apostolic authority apostolos
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Two egalitarian claims: Mary as apostle to the apostles, and Junia in Romans 16

Mike previews the two main egalitarian arguments he will address.

Romans 16:7 Junia Mary Magdalene N.T. Wright
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Egalitarian equivocation on the meaning of apostle

Mike flags a recurring problem in egalitarian argumentation.

equivocation fallacy apostolos
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Romans 16:7 text and the translation debate on Junia

Mike reads the ESV translation of Romans 16:7 and introduces the translation controversy.

Romans 16:7 Junia Romans 16:7 Andronicus
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Scholarly consensus favors inclusive reading (Junia as apostle)

Mike acknowledges the current state of scholarly opinion.

Romans 16:7 Romans 16:7 scholarly consensus NIV
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Translation survey: inclusive vs. exclusive renderings of Romans 16:7

Mike surveys how various English translations handle the phrase.

Romans 16:7 Romans 16:7 Bible translations NKJV
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

When translations disagree, it signals genuine difficulty

Mike offers a hermeneutical principle for Bible readers.

Romans 16:7 Romans 16:7 translation methodology
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Craig Keener's three arguments for Junia as apostle

Mike introduces egalitarian scholar Craig Keener's case.

Romans 16:7 egalitarianism Craig Keener Romans 16:7
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Keener's first argument: Paul never elsewhere appeals to 'the apostles' as a group

Mike evaluates and rebuts Keener's first argument.

Romans 16:7 Galatians 2:9 Craig Keener apostolic authority Romans 16:7
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Galatians 2:9 as counterexample to Keener's first argument

Mike argues Paul does appeal to apostles as a group elsewhere.

Galatians 2:9 James John Galatians 2:9 Paul's apostleship James
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Keener's second argument: most natural reading of 'among' implies group membership

Mike presents Keener's second argument.

Romans 16:7 Craig Keener Romans 16:7 en + dative construction
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Keener's third argument: Greek church fathers and modern scholars agree Junia was an apostle

Mike considers this the weightiest of Keener's three arguments.

Romans 16:7 John Chrysostom Craig Keener Romans 16:7 John Chrysostom
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

The word apostolos has a range of meanings in Greek

Mike explains the semantic range of 'apostle' as groundwork for the next argument.

Romans 16:7 apostolos Romans 16:7 semantic range
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Majority of scholars who affirm Junia as apostle think she was not highest-rank apostle

Mike makes a crucial distinction within the scholarly consensus.

Romans 16:7 Junia Romans 16:7 apostolic office
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Option 1: Junia as highest-sense apostle (like Peter or Paul)

Mike examines the strongest possible egalitarian reading.

Romans 16:7 Junia apostolic authority Romans 16:7
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Keener's argument: no qualifier on 'the apostles' suggests highest sense

Mike presents Keener's supporting argument from Two Views on Women in Ministry.

Romans 16:7 Two Views on Women in Ministry Craig Keener Epaphroditus
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Counterargument: 'well-known among the apostles' proves too much given their obscurity

Mike offers a significant rebuttal to the highest-sense reading.

Romans 16:7 Galatians 2 Junia Romans 16:7 Andronicus
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Option 2: Junia as missionary/church planter (lower sense of apostle)

Mike explores the second option for interpreting Junia's apostleship.

Romans 16:7 Philip Payne apostolos Romans 16:7
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Payne's claim that Junia had 'authority as ministers of the gospel' is vague

Mike responds to Payne's claim about authority.

Philip Payne authority in ministry Great Commission
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Linda Belleville thinks Junia was a missionary saved at Pentecost

Mike cites another egalitarian scholar's view.

Acts 2 Linda Belleville Junia Pentecost
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Craig Blomberg's soft complementarian view: missionaries with temporary authority

Mike presents Blomberg's nuanced position from Two Views on Women in Ministry.

soft complementarianism Two Views on Women in Ministry Craig Blomberg
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Women were missionaries in the early church; 'co-workers' means missionary partners

Mike affirms women's roles in early church missions.

co-workers in Paul women in missions Paul's missionary teams
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Soft complementarianism restricts only the elder role to men

Mike defines the soft complementarian position.

soft complementarianism Craig Blomberg elder restriction
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Tom Schreiner's view: Junia as missionary focused on women's ministry

Mike introduces Schreiner's nuanced addition to the discussion.

Junia Tom Schreiner women's ministry
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Ancient gender-separated society created distinct need for female missionaries

Mike develops the historical-cultural argument for gender-specific ministry.

women's ministry ancient gender roles missionary partnerships
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Female deacons in the early church focused on ministry to women

Mike provides historical evidence for gender-specific ministry roles.

women's ministry female deacons Apostolic Constitutions
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Junia was female — the debate is largely settled

Mike addresses the gender of Junia.

Junia Junias gender of Junia
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Mike's conclusion assuming Junia was an apostle: she was a missionary, not highest-rank

Mike summarizes his 'fallback' position if Junia was indeed an apostle.

Romans 16:7 Acts 2 Linda Belleville Junia Romans 16:7
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

The egalitarian 'trump card' of Junia as apostle does not work

Mike's interim conclusion before moving to the Greek syntactical argument.

1 Timothy 2 Junia 1 Timothy 2 egalitarian trump card
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Burer and Wallace 2001 paper defending exclusive reading of Romans 16:7

Mike introduces a key scholarly paper challenging the consensus.

Romans 16:7 Daniel Wallace Romans 16:7 Michael Burer Daniel Wallace
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Burer-Wallace thesis: consensus arrived at with thin evidence

Mike presents the paper's opening claim.

Daniel Wallace Michael Burer Daniel Wallace scholarly consensus formation
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Analogy: scholarly assumption that Jesus didn't speak Greek

Mike draws a parallel to another uncritically absorbed scholarly assumption.

Jesus speaking Greek Peter Williams scholarly assumptions
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Burer-Wallace: 'snowballing dogma with little substance at its core'

Mike quotes from the paper's critique of the consensus.

Burer-Wallace paper (2001) lexical evidence syntactical evidence
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Lexical evidence: episemos can mean either 'well-known among' or 'well-known to'

Mike explains the lexical analysis from the paper.

Romans 16:7 Romans 16:7 episemos/episemoi inclusive vs exclusive reading
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Key distinction: inclusive vs. exclusive reading of episemoi en tois apostolois

Mike clarifies the two interpretive options.

Romans 16:7 Romans 16:7 episemoi en tois apostolois inclusive reading
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Burer-Wallace syntactical argument: dative = 'well known to,' genitive = 'well known among'

Mike explains the core syntactical argument of the paper.

Romans 16:7 Romans 16:7 Burer-Wallace paper (2001) Greek syntax
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Burer-Wallace conclusion: 'almost certainly' means well known to the apostles

Mike quotes the paper's strong conclusion.

Romans 16:7 NET Bible Romans 16:7 ESV
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Richard Bauckham's rebuttal in Gospel Women

Mike introduces the main scholarly pushback against Burer-Wallace.

Craig Blomberg Burer-Wallace paper (2001) Richard Bauckham
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Bauckham's key criticisms of Burer-Wallace

Mike summarizes Bauckham's main points.

Burer-Wallace paper (2001) Richard Bauckham Gospel Women
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Bauckham reevaluated examples but brought no new counter-evidence

Mike notes a limitation in Bauckham's rebuttal.

church fathers Richard Bauckham scholarly methodology
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Michael Burer's 2015 response paper with new evidence

Mike introduces a third round of scholarly debate that he thinks is underappreciated.

Romans 16:7 Linda Belleville Romans 16:7 Michael Burer
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Burer's 2015 paper brings 71 new supporting texts

Mike details the new evidence Burer marshals.

Romans 16:7 Romans 16:7 Michael Burer Burer 2015 paper
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Burer responds to Bauckham's specific example critiques and addresses Chrysostom

Mike evaluates Burer's defense against Bauckham's objections.

John Chrysostom John Chrysostom Michael Burer Richard Bauckham
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Mike's conclusion: Junia was probably not an apostle; if she was, she was a missionary

Mike states his overall conclusion on the Junia question.

Romans 16:7 Junia women's ministry Romans 16:7
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

N.T. Wright's claim: Mary Magdalene as 'apostle to the apostles'

Mike introduces and plays a clip from N.T. Wright's lecture.

Romans 16:7 Mary Magdalene N.T. Wright Romans 16:7
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Mike identifies equivocation in Wright's argument about apostle

Mike charges Wright with a logical fallacy.

Mary Magdalene N.T. Wright equivocation fallacy
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

The office of apostle involves more than witnessing the resurrection

Mike distinguishes the office of apostle from mere witness.

1 Corinthians Mary Magdalene apostolic office apostolic commission
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Mary Magdalene is never called an apostle in Scripture

Mike notes a key absence in the biblical text.

Mary Magdalene argument from silence apostle title
Mike Winger idea 2022-05-09

Mike critiques N.T. Wright's impact: meme-level arguments persuading many

Mike expresses frustration with the quality of Wright's argument on this topic.

N.T. Wright women in ministry debate popular argumentation
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