Search — Theology Explorer

Galatians 2:9 James John Galatians 2:9 Paul's apostleship James

Galatians 2:9 as counterexample to Keener's first argument

Mike argues Paul does appeal to apostles as a group elsewhere.

Romans 16:7 Junia Romans 16:7 apostolic office

Majority of scholars who affirm Junia as apostle think she was not highest-rank apostle

Mike makes a crucial distinction within the scholarly consensus.

Romans 16:7 Junia apostolic authority Romans 16:7

Option 1: Junia as highest-sense apostle (like Peter or Paul)

Mike examines the strongest possible egalitarian reading.

Romans 16:7 Galatians 2 Junia Romans 16:7 Andronicus

Counterargument: 'well-known among the apostles' proves too much given their obscurity

Mike offers a significant rebuttal to the highest-sense reading.

Jesus speaking Greek Peter Williams scholarly assumptions

Analogy: scholarly assumption that Jesus didn't speak Greek

Mike draws a parallel to another uncritically absorbed scholarly assumption.

women as apostles apostolic office egalitarian arguments refuted

Mike's conclusion: no female apostles in the official high-leadership sense

Mike summarizes the positive data section.

1 Corinthians 9:5 Cephas/Peter all-male apostolate 1 Corinthians 9:5

1 Corinthians 9:5 implies all apostles were male with wives who were not apostles

Mike cites a passage he thinks is overlooked in this debate.

Mike Winger idea 2022-05-30

1 Peter 2:4-5 — all believers are a holy priesthood offering spiritual sacrifices

Mike begins building the biblical case for universal priesthood from 1 Peter.

1 Peter 2:4-5 universal priesthood of believers 1 Peter 2:4-5 spiritual sacrifices

Mike Winger idea 2022-05-30

1 Corinthians 11 gives rules for how women should prophesy in public gatherings; Acts 2 / Joel 2 declares sons and daughters shall prophesy

Key NT evidence that women prophesied publicly in church gatherings.

1 Corinthians 11 Acts 2 Joel 2 1 Corinthians 11 Acts 2 women prophesying

Mike Winger idea 2022-05-30

1 Peter 4:10-11 — 'whoever speaks' includes all speaking gifts and all are meant to be used

Mike cites 1 Peter to show gifts are meant to be used, not kept dormant.

1 Peter 4:10-11 spiritual gifts 1 Peter 4:10-11

1 Timothy 1 Corinthians 7 Ephesians primogeniture 1 Timothy 1 Corinthians 7

Westfall's expansion: men cannot have primogeniture status over women based on creation order

Mike critiques Westfall's application of Galatians 3:28 to inter-human relationships.

Galatians 2 equivocation fallacy Galatians 2 out-group status

Equivocation in the term 'out-group': from 'not in Christ' to 'not eligible for eldership'

Mike identifies what he sees as a crucial logical fallacy in the egalitarian argument.

Galatians 2:11-14 Paul Peter table fellowship

Galatians 2 pushback: Peter's refusal to eat with Gentiles as social discrimination

Mike addresses the strongest egalitarian counter-argument from within Galatians itself.

Galatians 2:11-16 Peter justification by faith Galatians 2:11-16

Peter's withdrawal was about soteriological status, not social discrimination broadly

Mike recontextualizes Galatians 2 to show it supports his reading, not Westfall's.

1 Peter 3:1-7 1 Peter 3:1-7 Sarah Abraham

1 Peter 3 proves full heirship status with continued role distinctions

Mike uses 1 Peter 3 as a decisive counter-example to the egalitarian reading.

1 Peter 3:7 1 Peter 3:7 hindered prayers husband accountability

1 Peter 3:7 threatens husbands who mistreat wives: hindered prayers

Mike emphasizes the complementarian check on husband authority.

Acts 10 Acts 15 1 Corinthians 7:18-20 Peter Acts 10 Jew/Gentile distinctions

Jew/Gentile distinctions continued after conversion: Jews kept the law, Gentiles did not

Mike demonstrates that the Jew/Gentile pair retained functional differences in the early church.

1 Peter 3:7 complementarian correction 1 Peter 3:7 husband accountability

Correction for complementarians: do not treat women as a lower class of Christian

Mike offers balance by correcting his own side.

Mike Winger idea 2022-07-18

Peter Glare, editor of the LSJ, writes to Grudem agreeing with his conclusions — 'the supposed sense source of course does not exist'

Mike presents the dramatic climax of the lexical argument — the LSJ's own editor sides with Grudem.

kephale Wayne Grudem LSJ (Liddell-Scott-Jones)

Mike Winger idea 2022-07-18

Glare: kephale translates Hebrew rosh meaning leader/chief; by NT times Septuagint usage was well-established; LSJ has 'inadequacies'

Mike continues reading Glare's letter with additional important points.

kephale Septuagint Richard Cervin

Mike Winger idea 2022-07-18

Glare: 'in most cases the sense of the head as being the controlling agent is the one required'

Mike reads the conclusion of Glare's letter.

kephale Wayne Grudem Peter Glare

Titus 2:5 1 Peter 3:1-7 Colossians 3:18-19 Titus 2:5 1 Peter 3:1-7 Colossians 3:18-19

Video agenda: three main passages plus egalitarian pushback

Mike outlines the structure of the video.

1 Peter 3:1-7 1 Peter 3:1-7 hypotasso ESV translation

Teaching through 1 Peter 3:1-7 - wives told to be subject to husbands

Mike reads and begins teaching through the first main passage.

1 Peter 3:1 1 Peter 3:1 evangelism Lee Strobel

Submission in 1 Peter is not exclusively for evangelism of unsaved husbands

Mike argues against reducing wifely submission to an evangelism strategy.

1 Peter 3:3-5 1 Peter 3:3-5 gentle and quiet spirit holy women of old

Submission as character quality, not just cultural convenience

Mike draws out additional reasons from 1 Peter 3 that submission is about inner character.

1 Peter 3:5-6 Genesis 18:12 Sarah Abraham 1 Peter 3:5-6

Sarah obeying Abraham as an example that rules out purely evangelistic interpretation

Mike argues the Sarah example confirms submission is a general godly pattern, not culturally bound.

1 Peter 3:1 patriarchalism 1 Peter 3:1 scope of submission

Submission is limited to 'your own husband,' not all men

Mike distinguishes complementarianism from patriarchalism.

1 Peter 3:7 weaker vessel 1 Peter 3:7 co-heirs

1 Peter 3:7 -- Instructions to husbands: understanding, honor, and equal inheritance

Mike presents the husband's obligations that balance the wife's submission.

1 Peter 3:7 weaker vessel 1 Peter 3:7 physical differences

Weaker vessel refers to physical body, not lesser personhood

Mike defends the 'weaker vessel' language as referring to physical differences.

Galatians 3:28 1 Peter 3:7 Galatians 3:28 1 Peter 3:7 equal inheritance in Christ

Wife as precious vessel and co-heir -- equal inheritance in Christ

Mike explains the vessel analogy and spiritual equality.

1 Peter 3:7 1 Peter 3:7 husband accountability prayers hindered

Threat to husbands: prayers hindered if they fail to honor their wives

Mike emphasizes the seriousness of the husband's obligation.

1 Peter 3:1-7 Discovering Biblical Equality 1 Peter 3:1-7 Peter Davids

Peter Davids' egalitarian view of 1 Peter 3: submission is only for evangelism

Mike begins the egalitarian rebuttal section with Peter Davids from 'Discovering Biblical Equality.'

1 Peter 2:13-14 Peter Davids 1 Peter 2:13-14 human institutions

Davids claims 1 Peter 2:13 makes family a 'human institution' like government

Mike examines Davids' argument that family structures are human constructions.

Genesis 18:12 Sarah Genesis 18:12 Peter Davids

Davids claims Peter references the Testament of Abraham, not Genesis, for Sarah

Mike examines and refutes Davids' argument about the Sarah reference.

Genesis 1 Peter 3:5-6 Genesis 1 Peter 3:5-6 Peter Davids

Rebuttal: Every element about Sarah in 1 Peter 3 is found in Genesis

Mike refutes Davids' reliance on extra-biblical sources.

Peter Davids Testament of Abraham E.P. Sanders

Problems with Davids' reliance on the Testament of Abraham

Mike conducts detailed analysis of the extra-biblical source Davids relies on.

1 Peter 3:5 Peter Davids holiness terminology 1 Peter 3:5

Davids sees 'holy women approved by God' as merely cultural approval, which contradicts the text

Mike identifies internal contradictions in Davids' reading.

Peter Davids interpretive double standard

Davids applies different standards to wife commands vs husband commands

Mike identifies a methodological inconsistency in the egalitarian approach.

1 Peter 3 Craig Keener Christianity seen as Judaism Plutarch

Christianity was seen as Jewish -- household codes were not the primary cultural threat

Mike adds another historical argument against the cultural-defense theory.

Ephesians 5:23-25 Christ and church analogy Jesus' authority Ephesians 5:23-25

The Christ-church analogy strengthens rather than undermines submission

Mike argues the Christ parallel destroys the mutual submission reading.

Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Verses 11-12: mutual dependence balances headship -- not refutation but nuance

Mike explains the 'however' of verses 11-12 in the traditional view.

Ephesians 5 1 Peter 3 1 Corinthians 11:11-12 Ephesians 5 1 Peter 3 1 Corinthians 11:11-12

Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Question 12: What does 'because of the angels' mean? Four views evaluated

Mike evaluates the four main interpretive options for this phrase.

1 Peter 1 Corinthians 11:10 Genesis 6:2 1 Peter 1 Corinthians 11:10 angelic observers

Mike Winger idea 2022-12-04

The refutation view has Paul rejecting submission -- something he teaches everywhere else

Mike points out that the refutation view would have Paul rejecting the concept of wifely submission.

Genesis 1-2 1 Peter 3 Ephesians (submission teaching) submission Genesis 1-2 1 Peter 3

Mike Winger idea 2022-12-04

Acts 2 and the Joel prophecy: men and women prophesied publicly at Pentecost

Mike cites Acts 2 as scriptural evidence against the utter silence view.

Joel 2 Acts 2:15-18 Joel 2 women prophesying Acts 2:15-18

Colossians Ephesians 5:23 1 Peter 3:1 kephale headship mutual submission

Ephesians 5:23 — headship extends to all marriages, not just Adam and Eve

Mike shows NT application of headship to marriage in general.

1 Peter 3:7 weaker vessel 1 Peter 3:7 co-heirs

1 Peter 3:7 — mistreating wives hinders prayers; women as 'weaker vessel' but full heirs

Mike shows the practical consequences of violating Pillar 3.

1 Samuel 25 Acts 5:29 David Abigail 1 Samuel 25

Abigail in 1 Samuel 25 — a positive example of a wife righteously subverting her husband's authority

Mike uses Abigail as a biblical example showing limits on female submission.