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Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Why verse 15 is an analogy: four reasons supporting the traditional cloth covering view

Mike builds his case that Paul is making an analogy, not an identification.

1 Corinthians 11:5-6 1 Corinthians 11:15 1 Corinthians 11:5-6 analogy argument 1 Corinthians 11:15
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Payne's view causes the passage to lose logical flow

Mike shows structural problems with the hair-up interpretation.

1 Corinthians 11:15 Philip Payne 1 Corinthians 11:15 logical flow
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Greek word akatakalupto means 'uncovered,' not 'hair hanging freely'

Mike examines the hair-up proponents' evidence from Greek terms.

Leviticus 13:45 BDAG LSJ akatakalupto
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Numbers 5:18 (apokalupto) is a different word from what Paul uses

Mike addresses another piece of evidence from hair-up proponents.

Numbers 5:18 Philip Payne apokalupto Numbers 5:18
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Greek katakalupto: never used for hair in ancient Greek, always refers to cloth covering

Mike presents the strongest Greek evidence for cloth coverings.

Genesis 38:15 BDAG katakalupto Septuagint
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Three reasons the Greek pushes against the hair-done-up view

Mike summarizes the Greek evidence against the hairstyle interpretation.

men's head coverings katakalupto hair-up view
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Praying and prophesying context implies cloth (removable) not hairstyle (permanent)

Mike adds a practical argument against the hairstyle view.

1 Corinthians 11:4-5 1 Corinthians 11:4-5 praying and prophesying context cloth vs. hairstyle
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Philo uses akatakalupto coupled with kephale to refer to cloth coverings

Mike provides first-century textual evidence for cloth covering meaning.

kephale akatakalupto Philo
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Philip Payne interprets katakalupto differently for men vs. women -- same word, contradictory meanings

Mike delivers what he considers a decisive critique of the hair-up view.

1 Corinthians 11:6-7 Philip Payne inconsistent interpretation katakalupto
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

kata kephales in verse 4: Septuagint evidence from Esther 6:12 confirms cloth covering

Mike examines another Greek phrase supporting cloth coverings.

Esther 6:12 Septuagint Preston Massie kata kephales
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Conclusion on Greek words: cloth coverings are overwhelmingly indicated

Mike summarizes the Greek evidence.

cloth covering conclusion Greek terminology hair-up view refuted
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Textual evidence: Plutarch on Roman head covering customs

Mike moves to literary evidence about cultural practices.

Plutarch Roman funeral customs Roman head covering practices
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Defense of Plutarch: he's speculating about funerals, not about the norms themselves

Mike counters the egalitarian dismissal of Plutarch's evidence.

Philip Payne Plutarch Cynthia Thompson
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Plutarch's error about older customs doesn't invalidate his knowledge of his own time

Mike addresses Plutarch's misunderstanding about pre-150 BC customs.

Plutarch Elaine Fantham Valerius Maximus
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Other ancient sources on hairstyles (Juvenal, Ovid) don't refute head coverings

Mike addresses evidence sometimes cited against head covering customs.

Juvenal Ovid Roman hairstyles
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Artwork evidence: mostly shows women without coverings, but mainly rich women

Mike surveys archaeological evidence from Corinth.

Cynthia Thompson Ramsey MacMullen Corinth archaeology
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Culture clash explains 1 Corinthians 11: a few rich women casting off coverings among general practice

Mike harmonizes the textual and artwork evidence.

1 Corinthians 11:2 culture clash explanation rich vs. common women 1 Corinthians 11:2
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Religious context: Romans covered heads during worship, prayer, prophecy, and sacrifice

Mike identifies the most significant and most neglected cultural background.

1 Corinthians 11:4-5 1 Corinthians 11:13 1 Corinthians 11:4-5 Roman religious practices prayer and prophecy context
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Gordon Fee wrongly dismissed men's head coverings as hypothetical -- there IS evidence

Mike corrects a widely-cited scholarly error.

men's head coverings Richard Oster Gordon Fee
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Richard Oster's key insight: Corinth was a Roman colony with Roman religious head covering practices

Mike presents Oster's two main points.

Richard Oster Corinth as Roman colony Roman religious customs
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Artwork evidence confirms religious head coverings: Augustus, sacrificial scenes, Roman coins

Mike presents visual evidence of religious head covering practices.

Augustus Roman religious art pontifex maximus
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Plutarch and Elaine Fantham confirm: Romans covered heads when worshiping gods

Mike adds textual confirmation of religious covering practices.

Plutarch Elaine Fantham Roman vs. Greek worship
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Oster's religious context fully explains both male and female head covering issues in Corinth

Mike synthesizes the religious background evidence.

Craig Keener Richard Oster hair-up view refuted
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Craig Keener (egalitarian) agrees: cloth coverings, not hairstyles, are in view

Mike shows cross-position agreement on cloth coverings.

James Hurley Philip Payne Craig Keener James Hurley
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Synthesis of cultural evidence: Paul preserves gender-role meaning of coverings against both rich women and Roman ritual practices

Mike draws together all cultural background evidence.

1 Corinthians 11:2 1 Corinthians 11:17 1 Corinthians 11:2 1 Corinthians 11:17 cultural synthesis
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Question 5 (labeled 8): What does Paul want men to do? Not wear coverings to maintain masculinity and headship

Mike applies conclusions to men's instructions.

1 Corinthians 11:4 Philip Payne 1 Corinthians 11:4 Gordon Fee
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Question 6: What does Paul want women to do? Wear coverings for headship, creation order, and universal custom

Mike applies conclusions to women's instructions.

1 Corinthians 11:16 1 Corinthians 11:3 1 Corinthians 11:8-9 1 Corinthians 11:16 1 Corinthians 11:3 1 Corinthians 11:8-9
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Question 7: What is Paul's point about creation order and purpose in verses 8-9?

Mike addresses the most decisive question for the complementarian/egalitarian debate.

Genesis 2 1 Corinthians 11:8-9 creation order Genesis 2 1 Corinthians 11:8-9
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Egalitarians consistently ignore or absorb verse 9 into verse 8

Mike demonstrates the pattern of egalitarian avoidance of verse 9.

1 Corinthians 11:9 Philip Payne Craig Keener 1 Corinthians 11:9
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Payne on verse 9: 'woman made for man' means sexual partnership -- creates a contradiction

Mike examines and refutes Payne's interpretation.

1 Corinthians 11:9 Philip Payne internal contradiction 1 Corinthians 11:9
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Gordon Fee on verse 9: woman is 'necessary for man' to fulfill his calling -- also creates contradiction

Mike examines and refutes Fee's interpretation.

1 Corinthians 11:9 1 Corinthians 11:9 Gordon Fee necessity interpretation
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Keener on verse 9: translates 'for' as 'through,' making it reiterate verse 8

Mike examines and refutes Keener's translation choice.

1 Corinthians 11:9 Craig Keener translation comparison 1 Corinthians 11:9
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Verse 9 is the weak spot for egalitarianism: no decent interpretation exists

Mike draws his conclusion on the decisive question.

1 Corinthians 11:9 1 Corinthians 11:11 1 Corinthians 11:9 1 Corinthians 11:11 egalitarian failure
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Question 8: What does 'nature' (physis) mean in verse 14?

Mike examines the meaning of Paul's appeal to nature.

1 Corinthians 11:14 F.F. Bruce Plutarch physis
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Craig Keener acknowledges 'nature' normally means the opposite of custom

Mike shows that even egalitarians concede the normal meaning.

Craig Keener physis nature vs. custom
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Something being custom doesn't make it only custom; it may also be grounded in nature

Mike prevents a logical fallacy in interpreting the nature argument.

logical fallacy custom vs. nature hair length
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Exceptions to hair length rules: Nazirite vows, philosophers, and the principle behind exceptions

Mike discusses how exceptions to the general rule were understood.

Numbers 6 Craig Keener Samson Epictetus
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Paul uses physis nine times consistently: never means 'custom'

Mike examines all of Paul's uses of physis.

Romans 1:26-27 Galatians 4:8 Romans 2:14 Tom Schreiner physis Romans 1:26-27
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Hair length is probably a transcultural moral obligation; application to today

Mike draws practical conclusions from the nature argument.

Craig Keener hair length gender distinctions
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Question 9: Is this about men/women generally or husbands/wives specifically?

Mike examines the woman/wife ambiguity in the Greek.

Ephesians 5 Ephesians 5 gyne aner
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Question 10: How is woman the glory of man and man the glory of God?

Mike addresses the meaning of 'glory' (doxa) in this passage.

1 Corinthians 11:7 Genesis 1:26-27 image of God 1 Corinthians 11:7 Genesis 1:26-27
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Genesis 1 vs. Genesis 2-3: relationship to creation vs. relationship to each other

Mike provides the key framework from his Genesis study (video 2).

Genesis 1 Genesis 2-3 dominion Genesis 1 Genesis 2-3
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Egalitarian interpretations of 'glory' all use two different meanings for the same word

Mike critiques egalitarian inconsistency with the term doxa.

Craig Keener doxa inconsistent interpretation
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Philip Payne's view of 'glory' also fails: man is God's glory means not-woman; woman is man's glory means sexual partner

Mike examines and refutes Payne's handling of glory.

Philip Payne doxa inconsistent interpretation
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Tom Schreiner's consistent interpretation of glory as 'honor' works for both uses

Mike presents what he considers the best interpretation of glory.

1 Corinthians 11:15 Tom Schreiner doxa 1 Corinthians 11:15
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Glory as honor connects the entire passage: headship chain produces honor chain

Mike shows how the honor interpretation unifies the passage.

honor chain headship chain Gospel of John
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Question 11: Does the woman have a symbol of authority on her head, or authority over her own head? (exousia debate)

Mike addresses one of the most debated verses in the passage.

1 Corinthians 11:10 Tom Schreiner Craig Keener 1 Corinthians 11:10
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Schreiner point 1: verses 7 and 10 form a parallel (man uncovered / woman covered)

Mike presents the strongest argument for symbolic authority.

1 Corinthians 11:10 1 Corinthians 11:7 Tom Schreiner 1 Corinthians 11:10 1 Corinthians 11:7
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Schreiner points 2-4: 'ought' implies obligation not freedom; vv.3-9 clearly about male headship; v.11 is a contrast

Mike presents additional arguments against the egalitarian reading of exousia.

1 Corinthians 11:10-11 Tom Schreiner opheilei 1 Corinthians 11:10-11
Mike Winger idea 2022-11-11

Exousia CAN be used symbolically: BDAG, Greek fathers, and Diodorus of Sicily support this

Mike counters Keener's claim that symbolic exousia is 'unnatural Greek.'

Tom Schreiner BDAG exousia
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